با همکاری مشترک دانشگاه پیام نور و انجمن روانشناسی اجتماعی ایران

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد گروه روانشناسی بالینی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران

2 استادیار گروه روانشناسی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی،تهران،ایران

3 استاد گروه روانشناسی بالینی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی،تهران،ایران

چکیده

مقدمه: انعطاف پذیری شناختی یکی از مؤلفه‌های اساسی کارکردهای اجرایی است که  نه تنها بر بهبود  کیفیت روابط اجتماعی و سازگاری  افراد اثر می‌گذارد بلکه  از کیفیت روابط اجتماعی (طرد، پذیرش) اثر می‌پذیرد با این حال  چگونگی تأثیر  کیفیت روابط اجتماعی بر انعطاف پذیری شناختی  مشخص نیست، از این رو لازم  بود تا پژوهشی در این باره انجام شود، بنابراین پژوهش حاضر با هدف  مقایسه‌ی اثر طرد اجتماعی با پذیرش اجتماعی بر انعطاف‌پذیری شناختی انجام شد. روش: روش این پژوهش نیمه‌آزمایشی با پیش‌آزمون و پس‌آزمون همراه با گروه کنترل بود. جامعه‌ی آماری این پژوهش تمام افراد بزرگسال با میانگین سنی 25.74 و تحصیلات کارشناسی بودند که از میان آن‌ها 60 نفر که ملاک‌های ورود به نمونه را داشتند به شیوه در دسترس انتخاب و  به صورت تصادفی در سه گروه پذیرش اجتماعی، طرد اجتماعی و کنترل قرار گرفتند. ابتدا آزمودنی ها به آزمون ویسکانسین (شاهقلیان و همکاران، 1390) پاسخ دادند؛ سپس با انجام بازی پرتاب توپ مجازی (ویلیامز، چانگ ، چویی،2000)، طرد اجتماعی و پذیرش اجتماعی به دو گروه آزمایش القا شد. پس از آن،  جهت بررسی اثر القای آزمایشی، گروه­های آزمایشی به پرسشنامه‌ی تهدید نیازهای بنیادین ویلیامز (2001) و عاطفه‌ی مثبت و منفی واتسن، کلارک و تلگن (1988) پاسخ دادند. در نهایت، آزمون ویسکانسین مجدداً بر روی سه گروه اجرا شد. داده‌های پژوهش، با استفاده از آزمون های واریانس یک راهه و تحلیل کواریانس چند متغیری و آزمون تعقیبی بونفرونی تحلیل شد. نتایج:  یافته های این پژوهش نشان داد که طرد اجتماعی باعث کاهش انعطاف پذیری شناختی در افراد می‌شود (01/0= P) و پذیرش اجتماعی تاحدودی سبب افزایش انعطاف پذیری شناختی شد (01/0= p). نتیجه گیری: با توجه به اثر منفی طرد اجتماعی بر انعطاف‌پذیری شناختی و  اهمیت این مؤلفه در کارکردهای شناختی سطح بالا، ضرورت دارد که جهت ارتقای انعطاف‌پذیری شناختی به بهبود کیفیت روابط اجتماعی افراد نیز توجه کرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Comparison of the Effect of Experimental Induction of Social Exclusion with Social Acceptance on Cognitive Flexibility

نویسندگان [English]

  • Marzieh Mortezazadeh 1
  • Zohreh Rafezi 2
  • Hossein Eskandari 3

1 M.A Student, Department of Clinical Psychology,Allameh Tabataba'i University,Tehran, Iran

2 Assistant Professor,Department of Clinical Psychology,Allameh Tabataba'i University,Tehran, Iran

3 Professor,Department of Clinical Psychology,Allameh Tabataba'i University,Tehran, Iran

چکیده [English]

Objective: Cognitive flexibility is one of the basic components of executive functions that not only improves the quality of social relations and adaptation of individuals but also affects the quality of social relations (rejection, acceptance). However, how the quality of social relations affect Cognitive flexibility is not clear, therefor the present study was conducted to compare the effect of social exclusion with social acceptance on cognitive flexibility. Method: The method of this research was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test with control group. The statistical population of this study was all adults with a mean age of 25.74 and undergraduate education, from which 60 people who met the inclusion criteria were selected and randomly divided into three groups of social acceptance, social exclusion and control. First, the subjects answered the Wisconsin test (Shahgholian et al., 2011); Then, by playing the virtual ball tossing game (Williams, Chang, Choi, 2000), social exclusion and social acceptance were induced in the two experimental groups. Then, to evaluate the effect of experimental induction, the experimental groups answered the basic needs threat scale of Williams (2001) and the positive and negative Affect scale of Watson, Clark and Tellegen (1988). Finally, the Wisconsin test was performed again in three groups. Research data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance, multivariate analysis of covariance and Bonferroni post hoc test. Results: Findings of this study showed that social exclusion reduces cognitive flexibility in individuals (P = 0.01) and social acceptance enhances cognitive flexibility (p = 0.01). Conclusion: Considering the negative effect of social exclusion on cognitive flexibility and the importance of this component in high-level cognitive functions, it is necessary to pay attention to improving the quality of individuals' social relations in order to promote cognitive flexibility.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Experimental Induction
  • Social Exclusion
  • Social Acceptance
  • Cognitive Flexibility
خدادادی، مجتبی؛ شاهقلیان، مهناز و امانی، حسین (1393). نرم افزار دسته بندی کارت‌های ویسکانسین. تهران: مؤسسه تحقیقات علوم رفتاری-شناختی سینا.
شاهقلیان، مهناز؛ فلاح آزاد، پرویز؛ آشتیانی، فتح علی؛ خدادادی، مجتبی. (1390)؛ طراحی نسخه نرم افزاری آزمون دسته‌بندی کارت‌های ویسکانسین (WCST): مبانی نظری، نحوه ساخت و ویژگی های روانسنجی. 1(4). 111-133.
قربان شیرودی، ش.، و عباس قربانی، م. (1390). هنجاریابی آزمون هیجان خواهی مثبت و منفی پاناس در دانشجویان. روانشناسی تربیتی, 2(4 (پیاپی 8)), 73-96.
Akinola M., Mendes WB. (2008) the dark side of creativity: biological vulnerability and negative emotions lead to greater artistic creativity. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 34(12):1677–1686.
Baumeister, R.F., DeWall, C.N., Ciarocco, N.J., Twenge, J.M. (2005). Social exclusion impairs self-regulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(4), 589–604.
Baumeister, R.F., Twenge, J.M., Nuss, C.K. (2002). Effects of social exclusion on cognitive processes: Anticipated aloneness reduces intelligent thought. Journal of Personality and social Psychology, 83(4), 817–27.
Best JR, Miller PH. (2010) A Developmental Perspective on Executive Function. Child Dev. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 81:1641–60.
Buelow, M.T., Okdie, B.M., Brunell, A.B., Trost, Z. (2015). Stuck in a moment and you cannot get out of it: the lingering effects of ostracism on cognition and satisfaction of basic needs. Personality and Individual Differences, 76, 39–43.
Buttelmann, F., & Karbach, J. (2017). Development and plasticity of cognitive flexibility in early and middle childhood. Frontiers in Psychology. Frontiers Media S.A, 8, 1-6.
Campbell, W. Keith ., Krusemark, Elizabeth ., Dyckman, Kara ., Brunell, Amy & Mcdowell, Jennifer ., Twenge, Jean ., Clementz, Brett. (2006). A magnetoencephalography investigation of neural correlates for social exclusion and self-control. Social neuroscience. 1. 124-34.
Cañas, J. J., Quesada, J. F., Antoli, A., & Fajardo, I., 2003, Cognitive flexibility and adaptability to environmental changes in dynamic complex problem-solving tasks. Ergonomics, 46, 482.
Chester, D. S., Lynam, D. R., Milich, R., & DeWall, C. N. (2017). Social rejection magnifies impulsive behavior among individuals with greater negative urgency: An experimental test of urgency theory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 146(7), 962–967.
Chester, D.S., DeWall, C.N. (2014). Prefrontal recruitment during social rejection predicts greater subsequent self-regulatory imbalance and impairment: neural and longitudinal evidence. Neuroimage, 101, 485–93.
Chevalier, N., & Blaye, A. (2009). Setting goals to switch between tasks: Effect of cue transparency on children’s cognitive flexibility. Developmental Psychology, 45(3), 782–797.
Cuicui Sun, Hui Fu , Zhijin Zhou & David Haywood ( 2020). The effects of different types of social exclusion on creative thinking: The role of self- trends and a latent variable analysis. Neuropsychologia. 2006; 44:2017–36.
Davidson, C.A., Willner, C.J., van Noordt, S.J.R. et al. (2019). One-Month Stability of Cyberball Post-Exclusion Ostracism Distress in Adolescents. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 41, 400–408.
De Dreu, C. K. W., Nijstad, B. A., & Baas, M. (2011). Behavioral activation links to creativity because of increased cognitive flexibility. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2(1), 72–80.
De Gennaro M., Krumhuber E.G. & Lucas G., 2020. Effectiveness of an Empathic Chatbot in Combating Adverse Effects of Social Exclusion on Mood. Frontiers in Psychology, 10:3061.
DeWall, C.N., Baumeister, R.F., Stillman, T.F., Gailliot, M.T. (2007). Violence restrained: effects of self-regulation and its depletion on aggression. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(1), 62–76.
Diamond, Adele. (2013).Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64,135-168.
Du, X., Xu, M., Ding, C. et al. (2020) Social exclusion increases the visual working memory capacity of social stimuli. Curr Psychol 39, 1149–1160.
Fisher, O. (2014). The Mechanisms Underlying the Effects of Social Exclusion on Working Memory Capacity, Doctoral dissertation. Columbus, Ohio: The Ohio State University.
Freedman, G., Williams, K. D., & Beer, J. S. (2016). Softening the blow of social exclusion: The Responsive Theory of Social Exclusion. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, Article 1570.
Fuhrmann, D., Casey, C. S., Speekenbrink, M., & Blakemore, S.-J. (2019). Social exclusion affects working memory performance in young adolescent girls. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 40, Article 100718.
Goldstein, S., Naglieri, J. A., Princiotta, D., & Otero, T. M. (2014). Introduction: A history of executive functioning as a theoretical and clinical construct. In S. Goldstein & J. A. Naglieri (Eds.), Handbook of executive functioning (p. 3–12). Springer Science + Business Media.
Hawes, D.J., Zadro, L., Fink, E., et al. (2012). The effects of peer ostracism on children’s cognitive processes. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9(5), 599–613.
Kim, S. H., Vincent, L. C., & Goncalo, J. A. (2012). Outside advantage: Can social rejection fuel creative thought? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 142(3), 605.
Lange, F. & Dewitte, S. (2019). Cognitive flexibility and pro-environmental behavior: a multimethod approach. European Journal of Personality, 33, 488-505.
Otten, Marte & Jonas, Kai. (2012). Out of the group, out of control? The brain responds to social exclusion with changes in cognitive control. Social cognitive and affective neuroscience.
Ozbay, F, Johnson, DC, Dimoulas E, Morgan, CA, Charney, D, Southwick, S. Social support and resilience to stress: from neurobiology to clinical practice. Psychiatry (Edgmont). 2007 May; 4(5):35–40.
Reinhard, M. A., Dewald-Kaufmann, J., Wüstenberg, T., Musil, R., Barton, B. B., Jobst, A., & Padberg, F. (2020). The vicious circle of social exclusion and psychopathology: A systematic review of experimental ostracism research in psychiatric disorders. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 270(5), 521-532.
Ren, D., Wesselmann, E. D., & Williams, K. D. (2018). Hurt people hurt people: Ostracism and aggression. Current Opinion in Psychology, 19, 34-38.
Reynolds, B. W., Basso, M. R., Miller, A. K., Whiteside, D. M., & Combs, D. (2019). Executive function, impulsivity, and risky behaviors in young adults. Neuropsychology, 33(2), 212–221.
Rohlf, H., Holl, A. K., Kirsch, F., Krahé, B., & Elsner, B. (2018). Longitudinal links between executive function, anger, and aggression in middle childhood. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 12, 27.
Themanson,J ,  Ball,A & Khatcherian,S & Rosen,P. (2014). The effects of social exclusion on the ERN and the cognitive control of action monitoring. Psychophysiology. 51. (3):215–25.
Van Beest, I., & Williams, K. D. (2006). When inclusion costs and ostracism pays, ostracism still hurts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(5), 918–928.
Wang, J., & Fan, X. (2018). The impacts of two types of social exclusion on creativity: Being ignored and being rejected. Economic Management, (4), 102–117.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, (54), 1063-1070.
Wesselmann, E. D., Wirth, J. H., & Bernstein, M. J. (2017). Expectations of social inclusion and exclusion. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(FEB), 6-10.
Williams, K. D. & Jarvis, B. (2006). Cyber ball: A program for use in research on interpersonal ostracism and acceptance. Behav Res Methods.38, 174–180.
Williams, K. D. (2009). Ostracism: A temporal need‐threat model. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, Vol. 41, 275–314.
Williams, K. D., Cheung, C. K. T., & Choi, W. (2000). Cyber ostracism: Effects of being ignored over the Internet. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 79, 748-762.
Xu, M., Qiao, L., Qi, S., Li, Z., Diao, L., Fan, L., Zhang, L., & Yang, D. (2018). Social exclusion weakens storage capacity and attentional filtering ability in visual working memory. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 13(1), 92–101.
Xu, Mengsi, Zhiai, Li, Diao, Liuting, Zhang, Lijie, Yuan, Jiajin, Ding, Cody & Yang, Dong. (2016). Social exclusion modulates priorities of attention allocation in cognitive control. Scientific Reports. 6:31282.