Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 Prof Counseling, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran.
2 M.sc. of Psychology, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran.
3 PhD Student in Counseling, Mohagheg Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran.
Abstract
Abstract:The aim of the present study was to investigate the psychometric properties of online intimacy and deception scale in students. The statistical population of this research consisted of all the students of Mohaghegh Ardabili University who were studying in the academic year of 2023-2024. The research sample consisted of 331 people (41 boys and 290 girls) who were selected by available methods. Stanton et al.'s (2016) online intimacy and deception scale was used to collect data. To check the validity of the scale, the internal consistency method was used, and to check the validity of the scale, the correlation of the subscales of the questionnaire and confirmatory factor analysis were used. The results showed that the alpha coefficient for online intimacy factor was 0.71 and for online deception was 0.75. The results of fit indices of confirmatory factor analysis showed that this scale has a good fit (CFI=0.93, NFI=0.90 and RMSEA=0.073). As a result, it can be said that this scale is a suitable tool for measuring sincere and deceptive behavior in cyberspace.
Keywords
Main Subjects
Back, M. D., Stopfer, J. M., Vazire, S., Gaddis, S., Schmukle, S. C., Egloff, B., et al. (2010). Facebook profiles reflect actual personality, not self-idealization. Psychological Science, 21, 372–374.
Bargh, J. A., & McKenna, K. Y. A. (2004). The internet and social life. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 573–590.
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117,497–529.
Buchanan T, Whitty MT. (2014). The online dating romance scam: causes and consequences of victimhood. Psychology, Crime & Law; 20: 261-83.
Buckels, E. E., Trapnell, P. D., & Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Trolls just want to have fun. Personality and Individual Differences, 67, 97–102. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.016.
Budd C, Anderson J. (2009) Consumer fraud in Australasia: Results of the Australasian consumer fraud taskforce online Australia surveys 2008 and 2009 Technical and Background Paper; 43.
Carli V, Durkee T, Wasserman D, et al. (2013). The association between pathological internet use and comorbid psychopathology: a systematic review. Psychopathology 2013; 46(1): 1-13.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000337971] [PMID: 22854219]
Christofides, E., Muise, A., & Desmarais, S. (2009). Information control and disclosure on Facebook: Are they two sides of the same coin or two different processes? Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 12, 1–5.
Close A, Zinkhan G.(2004). Romance and the internet. The E-Mergence of EDating. Adv Consum Res; 31: 153-7.
Coluccia, A., Pozza, A., Ferretti, F., Carabellese, F., Masti, A & Gualtieri, G. (2020). Online Romance Scams: Relational Dynamics and Psychological Characteristics of the Victims and Scammers. A Scoping Review. 16, 24-35. DOI: 10.2174/1745017902016010024
Craker, N., & March, E. (2016). The dark side of Facebook®: The Dark Tetrad, negative social potency, and trolling behaviours. Personality and Individual Differences, 102, 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. paid.2016.06.043.
Cukier WL, Nesselroth EJ, Cody S. (2007). Genre, Narrative and the “Nigerian Letter” in Electronic Mail. 40th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS’07). 70. [http:// dx.doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2007.238]
Davis, R. A. (2001). A cognitive-behavioral model of pathological Internet use. Computers in human behavior, 17(2), 187-195.
Demos (2016). The use of misogynistic terms on Twitter. (Retrieved from https://www.demos.co.uk/wp-content/ uploads/2016/05/Misogyny-online.pdf)
Dutton W, Helsper EJ. The Internetin Britain (2007). Oxford Internet Institute: University of Oxford.
Elhai JD, Dvorak RD, Levine JC, Hall BJ. (2017). Problematic smartphone use: A conceptual overview and systematic review of relations with anxiety and depression psychopathology. J Affect Disord; 207:251-9
Fiore A, Donath J. (2004). Online Personals: An Overview. Vienna, Austria: ACM Computer-Human Interaction. [http://dx. doi.org/10.1145/985921.986073]
Gonzales, A. L., & Hancock, J. T. (2011). Mirror, mirror on my Facebook wall: Effects of exposure to Facebook on self-esteem. Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking, 14, 79–83.
Hardaker, C. (2010). Trolling in asynchronous computer-mediated communication: From user discussions to academic definitions. Journal of Polymer Research, 6, 215–242. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1515/JPLR.2010.011.
Hitsch G, Hortacsu A, Ariely D. (2005). What Makes you Click: An Empirical Analysis of Online Dating MIT Solan Research Paper No 4603-06
Islami, morvarid. (2011). Examining virtual social networks and its impact on different dimensions of life, the first national congress of virtual space and new injuries, Tehran, pp. 31-46 .(In Persian)
Kaplan AMM.(2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of social media. Bus Horiz; 53: 59-68. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003]
Karimi Fard, Karim. (1390). Construction of personal and representational identity in virtual networks (Facebook), the first conference of social networks and cyberspace, Tehran, pp. 274-265. (In Persian)
King A, Thomas J. (2009).You Can’t Cheat an Honest Man: Making ($$$ and) Sense of the Nigerian E-mail Scams In: F Schmalleger, M Pittaro, Eds. Crimes of the Internet. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Krone T, Johnson H.(2007). Internet purchasing: perceptions and experience of Australian households. Trends Issues Crime Criminal Justice; 330(1-6).
Manago, A. M., Graham, M. B., Greenfield, P. M., & Salimkhan, G. (2008). Self-presentation and gender on my space. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 29, 446–458.
March, E., Grieve, R., Marrington, J & Jonason, P.K. (2017). Trolling on Tinder® (and other dating apps): Examining the role of the Dark Tetrad and impulsivity. Personality and Individual Differences 110 (2017) 139–143
Molenda, Z., Marchlewska, M., Rogoza, M., Michalski, P., Górska, P., Szczepańska, D., & Cislak, A. (2022). What makes an Internet troll? On the relationships between temperament (BIS/BAS), Dark Triad, and Internet trolling. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 16(5), Article 11. https://doi.org/10. 5817/CP2022-5-11
Nadkarni, A., & Hofmann, S. G. (2012). Why do people use Facebook? Personality and Individual Differences, 52, 243–249.
National Consumers’ League. (2008). Various years Annual Reports. New York: NCL
Pozza A, Coluccia A, Kato T, Gaetani M, Ferretti F. (2019). The ‘Hikikomori’ syndrome: worldwide prevalence and co-occurring major psychiatric disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol. BMJ Open 2019; 9(9)e025213 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025213] [PMID: 31542731]
Rege A. (2009). What’s Love Got to Do with It? Exploring Online Dating Scams and Identity Fraud. International Journal of Cyber Criminology; 3: 2.
Seidman, G. (2013). Self-presentation and belonging on Facebook: how personality influences social media use and motivations. Personality and Individual Differences, 54, 402–407.
Shapira, N. A., Goldsmith, T. D., Keck Jr, P. E., Khosla, U. M., & McElroy, S. L. (2000). Psychiatric features of individuals with problematic internet use. Journal of affective disorders, 57(1), 267-272.
Smith, A., & Duggan, M. (2013 October). Online dating and relationships. (Retrieved from http://www. secretintelligenceservice. org/wp content/ uploads/2016/02/PIP_ OnlineDating-2013.pdf)
Sheldon, K. M., Abad, N., & Hirsch, C. (2011). A two-process view of Facebook use and relatedness need-satisfaction: Disconnection drives use, and connection rewards it. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100, 766–775.
Stanton, K., Ellickson-Larew, S., Watson, D. (2016). Development and validation of a measure of online deception and intimacy. Personality and Individual Differences, 88 ; 187-196.
Steinfield, C., Ellison, N. B., & Lampe, C. (2008). Social capital, self-esteem, and use of online social network sites: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 29(6), 434–445.
Utz, S., Tanis, M., & Vermeulen, I. (2012). It is all about being popular: The effects of need for popularity on social network site use. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15, 37–42.
Vandeweerd C, Myers J, Coulter M, Yalcin A, Corvin J. (2016). Positives and negatives of online dating according to women 50. J Women Aging 2016; 28(3): 259-70. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/ 08952841. 2015.1137435] [PMID: 27191792]
Wang H, Lu X. (2007). Cyberdating: Misinformation and (Dis)trust in Online Interaction. Informing Science Journal; p. 10.
Whitty MT, Buchanan T. (2012). The online romance scam: a serious cybercrime. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw; 15(3): 181-3. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cyber. 2011.0352] [PMID: 22304401]
Whitty MT, Buchanan T. (2016). The online dating romance scam: The psychological impact on victims–both financial and non-financial. Criminal Crim Justice 2016; 16: 176-94.
Whitty MT. (2018). Do you love me? Psychological characteristics of romance scam victims. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw; 21(2): 105-9. [http://dx.doi.org/10. 1089/cyber.2016.0729] [PMID: 28657792]
Whitty, M.T., & Buchanan, T. (2012). The online romance scam: A serious cybercrime. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 15, 181–183.
Włodarska, K. A., Zyskowska, E., Terebus, M. K., & Rogoza, R. (2021). The Dark Triad and BIS/BAS: A meta-analysis. Current Psychology, 40(11), 5349–5357
Wilson, R. E., Gosling, S. D., & Graham, L. T. (2012). A review of Facebook research in the social sciences. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7, 203–220.
Young, K. S., & Rogers, R. C. (1998). The relationship between depression and Internet addiction. Cyber Psychology & Behavior, 1(1), 25-28.
Yu, A. Y., Tian, S. W., Vogel, D., & Kwok, R. C.-W. (2010). Can learning be virtually boosted? An investigation of online social networking impacts. Computers and Education, 55, 1494–1503.
Zhao, S., Grasmuck, S., & Martin, J. (2008). Identity construction on Facebook: Digital empowerment in anchored relationships. Computers in Human Behavior, 24,1816–1836.
Zickuhr, K. (2010). Generations 2010. Pew Internet and American Life Project. Retrieved from http://pewinternet.org/~/ media//Files/Reports/2010/PIP_Generations_and_Tech10.pdf.
)