In collaboration with Payame Noor University and Iranian Association of Social Psychology

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Ph.D Student Department of Psychology, Science and Research Branch Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

2 Associate Prof, Department of Preschool, University of Rehabilitation Sciences and Social Health, Tehran, Iran.

3 Assistant Prof, Department of Psychology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

4 Prof, Department of Educational Psychology, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

The present study investigates the mediating role of Social Competence in the relationship between parenting styles and academically inhibiting behaviors of secondary school students. This descriptive-correlational study was conducted using the structural equation method. Its statistical population included all secondary school students in public schools in Tehran in 2022-2023. Accordingly, 407 people were included in the study by multi-stage cluster sampling method and measured using Parenting Styles Questionnaire (Baumrind, 1973), Social Competence Questionnaire (Felner et al.,1990), Academic Cheating Scale (Farnese et al., 2011), academic procrastination Questionnaire (Savari, 2013), and aggression Questionnaire (Williams et al., 1996). Data were analyzed by structural equation method in SPSS-23 and AMOS-24 software. Data analysis revealed that the structural model indices had a good fit. The direct and negative effect of authoritarian parenting patterns on social competence was significant with a standard coefficient of -0.18 and the direct and negative effect of authoritative parenting patterns on social competence was significant with a standard coefficient of 0.25. Also, the direct and positive effect of permissive parenting patterns with a standard coefficient of 0.17 and the direct and negative effect of authoritative parenting patterns and social competence with standard coefficients of -0.21 and -0.34, respectively, were significant on academic inhibiting behaviors. Additionally, the effect of permissive, authoritarian, and authoritative parenting patterns on academic inhibiting behaviors with the mediating role of social competence was significant with standardized coefficients of -0.18, 0.13, and 0.24, respectively (P < 0.01). The results of these relationships can predict academic inhibiting behaviors in the form of a model. These results have practical implications for preventive measures against the increase of academically inhibiting behaviors and reducing their negative consequences.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Amin, S., Haron Rashidi, H., & Kazemian Moghaddam, K. (2022). Investigating Parenting Styles and Family Relationship Patterns with Addiction to Virtual Networks: The Mediating Role of Social Competence in Dezful City Students. Scientific Journal of The Women and Families Cultural-Educational, 17(58): 133-157. https://doi.org/20.1001.1.26454955.1401.17.58.5.4 [In Persian]  
Arjmandnia, A., Safaee, E., & Maleki, S. (2017). Evaluation of psychometric properties of Arjmandnia Parenting Methods Scale. Journal of Family Psychology, 4(1): 53-64. https://www.ijfpjournal.ir/article_245525.html?lang=en   [In Persian]
Arzeen, S., & Arzeen, N. (2023). A STUDY OF AUTHORITARIAN PARENTING STYLE AND AGGRESSION AMONG ADOLESCENTS. Journal of Medical Sciences, 31(02): 129-131. https://doi.org/10.52764/jms.23.31.2.8
Azhdari, A., Parvin Aqdarrh, M., & Jafari, B. (2020). Parenting (aggression, anxiety and parenting techniques). Bukan: Zanco.  [In Persian]
Azizi Nejad, B., & Divband, A. (2023). Causal Model of the Medicating Role of Creativity on the relationship between Parenting style with Academic Achievement and Adjustment. Journal of School Psychology and Institutions, 11(4): 106-118. https://doi.org/10.22098/jsp.1401.1608  [In Persian]
Bagherizadeh Velmi, P., Khosh Ravesh, V., & Pourmohsen, M. (2022). Investigating the relationship between social support and life satisfaction with regard to the mediating role of academic competence and self-efficacy in primary school students in Rasht. Journal of New Ideas of Psychology, 10(14):1-11. http://jnip.ir/article-1-623-en.html [In Persian]
Bessa, C., Hastie, P., Araújo, R., & Mesquita, I. (2019). What do we know about the development of personal and social skills within the sport education model: A systematic review. Journal of sports science & medicine, 18(4): 812. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6873138/
Bhargav, A. (2023). Parental Involvement, School Adjustment and Resilience in Relation to Social Competence among Adolescents. Vidhyayana-An International Multidisciplinary Peer-Reviewed E-Journal-ISSN 2454-8596, 8(si6), 693-700. http://vidhyayanaejournal.org/journal/article/view/776
Brodowsky, G., Tarr, E., Ho, F., & Sciglimpaglia, D. (2020). Tolerance for cheating from the classroom to the boardroom: A study of underlying personal and cultural drivers. Journal of Marketing Education, 42(1): 23-36. https://doi.org/10.1177/0273475319878810
Checa, P., & Abundis-Gutierrez, A. (2018). Parenting styles, academic achievement and the influence of culture. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Research Study, 1(4): 1-3. https://doi.org/10.31031/PPRS.2018.01.000518
Chinawa, F., Omeje, O., Anike, R., Chukwudi, E., Douglas, J., & Onyinyechi, N. (2024). Parental monitoring and parenting styles as predictors of deviant behaviour among undergraduate students. GPH-International Journal of Educational Research, 7(01): 01-12. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10539215  
Cronin, L., Marchant, D., Allen, J., Mulvenna, C., Cullen, D., Williams, G., & Ellison, P. (2019). Students’ perceptions of autonomy-supportive versus controlling teaching and basic need satisfaction versus frustration in relation to life skills development in PE. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 44: 79-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.05.003
Darling, N., & Toyokawa, T. (1997). Construction and validation of the parenting style inventory II (PSI-II). Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University. https://www2.oberlin.edu/faculty/ndarling/lab/parentingstyle.pdf
Daty, T. K. (2022). Cheating from a distance: an examination of academic dishonesty among university students (Doctoral dissertation, University of New Haven).
Davari, Sh., & Bagheri, N. (2023). Explaining the causal relationships between parenting styles and academic achievement of second grade high school students based on the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation. Psychological Achievements, Accepted Manuscript Available Online from 18 November 2023. https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2023.43088.2975  [In Persian]
Dmitrenko, N., Voloshyna, O., Budas, Iu., Davydiuk, M., & Oliinyk, N. (2022). Formation of Teenagers’ Value Orientations through Creolized Texts. Postmodern Openings, 13(1): 47-65. https://doi.org/10.18662/po/13.1/384
Dmitrenko, N., Voloshyna, O., Beldii, A., Hrebenova, V., Zelinskyi, V., & Pinaieva, O. (2023, July). FORMATION OF ADOLESCENTS’SOCIAL COMPETENCE IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION ENVIRONMENT. In SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference, 2, 158-167.
Farnese, M., Tramontano, C., Fida, R., Paciello, M. (2011). Cheating behaviors in academic context: does academic moral disengagement matter? Social and Behavioral Sciences, 29: 356- 365.   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.11.250
Fasihi, G., Jadidi, M., & Aghajani, T. (2020). The role of social self-efficacy and parenting styles in children's social competence. Journal of Psychology New Ideas, 4(8): 1-9. http://jnip.ir/article-1-296-en.html [In Persian]
Felner, R., Lease, A., & Philips, R. (1990). Social competence and the language of adequacy as a subject matter for psychology: A quadripartite travel framework. Beverly-Hills: Sage.
Franco, M. D. G., Beja, M. J., Candeias, A., & Santos, N. (2017). Emotion understanding, social competence and school achievement in children from primary school in Portugal. Frontiers in psychology, 8: 263561. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01376
Gharib Pour, M., Akbari, B., & Abolghasemi, A. (2020). Predicting intermittent explosive disorder on the Basis of aggression, negative emergency and alexithymia. Journal of Clinical Psychology & Personality, 18(1): 79-88. https://doi.org/10.22070/cpap.2020.2924 [In Persian]
Gómez-Ortiz, O., Romera, E. M., Ortega-Ruiz, R., Herrera, M., & Norman, J. O. H. (2019). Multidimensional social competence in research on bullying involvement: a cross-cultural study. Psicología Conductual, 27(2): 217-238. https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/ibc-186602
Habibi, A. & Kolahi, B. (2022). Structural equation modeling and factor analysis. Tehran: ACECR.  [In Persian]
Hosseini Dowlatabadi, F., Saadat, S., & Jobaneh, R. (2013). Relationship between Parenting Styles, Self- Efficacy and Attitude to Delinquency among High School Students. Criminal Law Research, 4(2): 67-88. https://jol.guilan.ac.ir/article_634_en.html   [In Persian]
Jiang, Y., Rosenzweig, E. Q., & Gaspard, H. (2018). An expectancy-value-cost approach in predicting adolescent students’ academic motivation and achievement. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 54: 139-152.‌ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2018.06.005
Kroese, J., Bernasco, W., Liefbroer, A. C. & Rouwendal, J. (2021). Growing up in Single-Parent Families and the Criminal Involvement of Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Psychology, Crime & Law, 27(1): 61-75. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2020.1774589
Lajoie, S. P., Pekrun, R., Azevedo, R., & Leighton, J. P. (2020). Understanding and measuring emotions in technology-rich learning environments. Learning and Instruction, 70: 101272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2019.101272
Lata, K., & Kumar, J. (2023). Role Of Life Style Factors in Determination of Academic Achievement Among Adolescent Students. Journal of Namibian Studies: History Politics Culture, 34: 3111-3123. https://doi.org/10.59670/1y8sg424
Li, Y., Dong, W., Tang, H., Guo, X., Wu, S., Lu, G., & Chen, C. (2023). The effect of parenting styles on Chinese undergraduate nursing students’ academic procrastination: the mediating role of causal attribution and self-efficacy. Frontiers in Psychology, 14: 1167660. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1167660
Li, W., & Huang, Y. (2023). The Relationship Between Parenting Style and Academic Self-Efficacy of Fifth-Graders. Journal of Research in Multidisciplinary Methods and Applications, 2(1): 01230201001. http://47.242.74.13/jrmma/article/view/a0123020100
Mahbobi, T., Salimi, H., & Hossini, S.A. (2015). The Effect of Emotional Self- control Training on the Reduction of Verbal Aggression of Payame Noor University Students. Social Cognition, 4(2): 124-136. https://doi.org/20.1001.1.23223782.1394.4.2.9.4 [In Persian]
Matthews, S. (2023). Influence of Parenting Style and Family Environment on Adolescent Aggression (Doctoral dissertation, Alliant International University). https://www.proquest.com/openview/81ca4b7310848c0dcde6db5058522431/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y
Mirzakhanyaraghi, N., Mozafari, M., Saei, Sh., Pashmdarfard, M., & Azad, A. (2023). Predicting Students’ School Engagement Based on Communication Skills, Self-restraint, Perceived Parenting Style, and Sensory Processing. Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 12(3): 520-533. https://doi.org/10.32598/SJRM.12.3.10  [In Persian]
Moon-Seo, S. K., Sung, J., Moore, M. & Koo, G. (2021). Important role of parenting style on college students’ adjustment in higher education. Educational Research: Theory and Practice,32(2): 47-61. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1296527
Moradi, F., Sabet, S. A., & Soufi, S. (2022). An Analysis of the Link between Metacognitive Beliefs and Academic Health-oriented Lifestyle Preventive Behaviours Mediated by Self-efficacy during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Multidisciplinary Journal for Education, Social and Technological Sciences, 9(1): 39-58. https://doi.org/10.4995/muse.2022.16879
Nateghian, A., Bagherzadeh Golmakani, Z., Nejat, H., Samari, A.A. (2022). Academic procrastination modeling based on social self-efficacy and perfectionism: The mediating role of achievement emotions. Journal of Psychological Science, 21(112): 835-845.  https://doi.org/10.52547/JPS.21.112.835 [In Persian]
Nwufo, J., Eze, J. E., Chukwuorji, J., Orjiakor, C. T., & Ifeagwazi, C. M. (2023). Parenting styles contributes to overt aggression, but age and gender matters. European Review of Applied Psychology, 73(5): 100852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erap.2022.100852
Peixoto, E. M., Pallini, A. C., Vallerand, R. J., Rahimi, S., & Silva, M. V. (2021). The role of passion for studies on academic procrastination and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Social Psychology of education, 24(3): 877-893. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-021-09636-9
Ren, L., & Pope Edwards, C. (2015). Pathways of influence: Chinese parents' expectations, parenting styles, and child social competence. Early Child Development and Care, 185(4): 614-630. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2014.944908
Robinson, C. C., Mandleco, B., Olsen, S. F., & Hart, C. H. (1995). Authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting practices: Development of a new measure. Psychological reports, 77(3): 819-830. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.77.3.819
Romera, E. M., Herrera-López, M., Casas, J. A., Ortega-Ruiz, R., & Gómez-Ortiz, O. (2017). Multidimensional social competence, motivation, and cyberbullying: A cultural approach with Colombian and Spanish adolescents. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 48(8): 1183-1197. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022116687854
Safari, M., Rezakhani, S., & Dokaneifard, F. (2021). Explaining the Relationship between Mindfulness, Self-Compassion, and Social Competence in Female Students: the Mediating Role of Interpersonal Forgiveness. Journal of Applied Psychological Research, 11(4): 381-396. https://doi.org/10.22059/japr.2021.309197.643625 [in Persian]
Salavera, C., Urbón, E., Usán, P., & Antoñanzas, J. L. (2024). Parental styles and aggressive beliefs. The mediating role of affects.  anales de psicologia/annals of psychology, 40(1): 76-84. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.532741
Sengendo, D., & Eduan, W. (2024). Headteachers' Transformational Leadership and its Influence on Academic Performance: A Case of Public Secondary Schools in Uganda. East African Journal of Education Studies, 7(1): 61-76. https://doi.org/10.37284/eajes.7.1.1705  
Schonert-Reichl, K. (2017). Social and emotional learning and teachers. The Future of Children, 27(1): 136-155. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44219025
Shengyao, Y., Salarzadeh Jenatabadi, H., Mengshi, Y., Minqin, C., Xuefen, L., & Mustafa, Z. (2024). Academic resilience, self-efficacy, and motivation: the role of parenting style. Scientific Reports, 14(1): 5571. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-55530-7
Shokri, O., & Abbaszadeh, S. (2019). Psychometric Analysis of the Farsi version of the Academic Cheating Scale among Students. Journal of Psychometry, 18(30): 61-76.  https://jpsy.roudehen.iau.ir/article_1667.html [In Persian]
Ta, F. N. (2023). The Mediation of Self-Regulation on the Relationship between Procrastination and Parenting Styles (Doctoral dissertation, San Francisco State University). https://scholarworks.calstate.edu/downloads/db78tj93c
Talebi Amrei, M., Sharifi, N., & Taheri, A. (2022). Social Adequacy Modeling using Resilience Mediated by Academic Adjustment among the Students of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. J Health Res Commun, 7(4): 65-74: http://jhc.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-595-en.html [In Persian]
Touloupis, T., & Campbell, M. (2024). The role of academic context-related factors and problematic social media use in academic procrastination: A cross-sectional study of students in elementary, secondary, and tertiary education. Social Psychology of Education, 27(1): 175-214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-023-09817-8
Vigdal, J., & Brønnick, K. (2022). A systematic review of “helicopter parenting” and its relationship with anxiety and depression. Frontiers in psychology, 13: 872981. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.872981
Wiliams, T., Boyd, J., Cascardi, M., & Poythress, N. (1996). Factor structure and convergent validity of the aggression Questionnaire in an offender population. Psychological Assessment, 8: 398-403. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.8.4.398
Yaghublou, S., & AslFattahi, B. (2023). The Relationship Between Parenting Methods and the Academic Performance of Female High School Students. Journal of Psychology New Ideas, 15(19). http://jnip.ir/article-1-912-en.html [In Persian]
Zarzycka, E., Krasodomska, J., Mazurczak-Mąka, A., & Turek-Radwan, M. (2021). Distance learning during the COVID-19 pandemic: students’ communication and collaboration and the role of social media. Cogent Arts & Humanities, 8(1): 1953228. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2021.1953228
Zyngier, D. (2022). Conceptualizing student engagement: Doing education not doing time. Teaching and Teacher Education, 24(7): 1765–1776.