Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 Ph.D student of Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili
2 Associate Professor of Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili
3 Professor of Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili
4 Professor Emeritus of Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili
Abstract
Aim: The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of positive psychology intervention and integrative training of emotional competencies on social, emotional and psychological well-being. Method: This study was a semi-experimental study with a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design. The sample of the study included female students at Payame Noor University in Rezvanshahr. The participants were 51 persons who had overweight and were randomly divided into two experimental and one control groups (17 persons in each group). The data were collected through the Well-being Inventory. The positive psychology intervention was conducted during 14 sessions and integrative training of emotional competencies was conducted during 12 sessions in the experimental groups, while the control group did not receive any treatment.. Results: The results showed that both interventions had a positive effect on the improvement of well-being and its componenets and no change occurred in the control group during the process of assessment. However, the positive psychology intervention was more effective than the other intervention on social, psychological, and global well-being. The integrative training of emotional competencies was more effective on emotional well- being. Conclusion: These interventions might be effective for enhancing the well-being in overweight persons.
Keywords
- برقی ایرانی، ز.؛ بختی، م. و بگیان کوله مرز، م.ج (1394). «اثربخشی آموزش مهارتهای اجتماعی مبتنی بر پردازش شناختی بر بهزیستی اجتماعی، هیجانی، روانشناختی و کاهش نشانههای کودکان اختلال سلوک». شناخت اجتماعی، 4(1)، 176-157.
- تقوی، ن.؛ آزاد فلاح، پ. و موتابی، ف (1394). «کفایت هیجانی در دختران نوجوان بر اساس بهزیستی ادراک شده». شناخت اجتماعی، 4(2)، 153-137.
- رضایی نیاسر، آ.؛ زارع، ح. و برجسته، ف (1396). «ارزیابی عملکرد شناختی کودکان دارای مشکل اضافه وزن و چاق در آزمون برج لندن و آزمون استروپ در مقایسه با کودکان دارای وزن نرمال.» فصلنامه روانشناسی سلامت، 6(22)، 50-35.
- زارع، ح. و سلگی، ز (1391). «بررسی رابطه راهبردهای تنظیم شناختی هیجان با افسردگی، اضطراب و استرس در دانشجویان». پژوهش در سلامت روانشناختی، 6(3)، 29-19.
- زارع، ح.؛ عباسپور، پ. و یوسفی، ف (1394). «نقش آموزش مهارت حل مسئله و بازسازی شناختی بر راهبردهای تنظیم شناختی هیجان و کارکرد خانواده در زنان نابارور». مجله روانشناسی و روان پزشکی شناخت، 2(1)، 93-81.
- صفاری نیا، م. و درتاج، ا (1396). «اثربخشی معنادرمانی گروهی بر امید به زندگی و بهزیستی روانی و اجتماعی سالمندان زن ساکن آسایشگاه‌های شهر دبی». مجله سالمندی ایران، ۱۲(۴)، ۴۸۲-۴۹۳.
- علی اکبری دهکردی، م.، علی‌پور، ا.، عباسپور، پ.، سلیمی، ا. و صفری، ی. (1395). نقش میانجی بهزیستی روانی در رابطه بین باورهای فراشناختی و تیپ شخصیتیD با شدت علایم بیماری در بیماران مبتلا به پسوریازیس. تحقیقات علوم رفتاری، 14 (1)، 91-85.
- هاشمیان، ک.؛ پورشهریاری، م.؛ بنی جمالی، ش. و گلستانی بخت، ط (1386). «بررسی رابطه بین ویژگیهای جمعیت شناختی با میزان بهزیستی ذهنی و شادمانی در جمعیت شهر تهران». مطالعات روان شناختی، 3(3)،163-139.
- Algoe, S. B.; Haidt, J. & Gable, S. L. (2008). “Beyond reciprocity: Gratitude and relationships in everyday life”. Emotion, 8(3),425-429.
- Asebedo, S. D. & Seay, M. C. (2014). “Positive psychological attributes and retirement satisfaction”. Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning, 25(2), 161-173.
- Bandura, A. (2011). “A social cognitive perspective on positive psychology”. Revista de Psicología Social, 26(1), 7-20.
- Berking, M. & Lukas, C. A. (2015). “The Affect Regulation Training (ART): A transdiagnostic approach to the prevention and treatment of mental disorders”. Current Opinion in Psychology, 3, 64-69.
- Berking, M.; Orth, U.; Wupperman, P.; Meier, L. L. & Caspar, F. (2008). “Prospective effects of emotion-regulation skills on emotional adjustment”. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 55(4), 485-494.
- Berking, M. & Schwarz, J. (2014). Affect regulation training. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (2nd ed., pp. 529-547). New York: Guilford Press.
- Berking, M. & Whitley, B. (2014). Affect Regulation Training: A Practitioners’ Manual. New York: Springer.
- Berking, M.; Wupperman, P.; Reichardt, A.; Pejic, T.; Dippel, A. & Znoj, H. (2008). “Emotion-regulation skills as a treatment target in psychotherapy”. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 46(11),1230-1237.
- Berking, M. & Wupperman, P. (2012). “Emotion regulation and health: State of the art”. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 25(2), 128-134.
- Bertisch, H.; Rath, J.; Long, C.; Ashman, T. & Rashid, T. (2014). “Positive psychology in rehabilitation medicine: a brief report”. Neuro Rehabilitation, 34(3), 573-585.
- Bolier, L.; Haverman, M.; Westerhof, G. J.; Riper, H.; Smit, F. & Bohlmeijer, E. (2013). “Positive psychology interventions: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies”. BMC Public Health, 13, 119-138.
- Bydlowski, S.; Corcos, M.; Jeam met, P.; Paterniti, S.; Berthoz, S.; Laurier, C., et al. (2005). “Emotion-processing deficits in eating disorders”. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 37(4), 321-329.
- Carpenter, K.M.; Hasin, D.S.; Allison, D.B. & Faith, M.S. (2000). “Relationships between obesity and DSM-IV major depressive disorder, suicide ideation, and suicide attempts: Results from a general population study”. American Journal of Public Health, 90(2), 251-257.
- Carr, D. & Friedman, M. A. (2005). “Is obesity stigmatizing? Body weight, perceived discrimination, and psychological well-being in the united states”. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 46(3), 244-259.
- Carr, D.; Friedman, M. A. & Jaffe, K. (2007). “Understanding the relationship between obesity and positive and negative affect: The role of psychosocial mechanisms”. Body Image, 4(2), 165-177.
- Carr, D. & Jaffe, K. (2012). “The psychological consequences of weight change trajectories: Evidence from quantitative and qualitative data”. Economics and Human Biology, 10(4), 419-430.
- Cooper, M. J.; Wells, A. & Todd, G. (2004). “A cognitive model of bulimia nervosa”. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43(1), 1-16.
- Crandall, C. S. (1994). “Prejudice against fat people: Ideology and self-interest”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(5), 882-894.
- Curioni, C. C. & Lourenço, P. M. (2005). “Long-term weight loss after diet and exercise: A systematic review”. International Journal of Obesity, 29(10), 1168-1174.
- Şanlier, N.; Türközü, D., & Toka, O. (2016). “Body image, food addiction, depression, and body mass index in university students”. Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 55(6),491-507.
- de Zwaan, M.; Petersen, I.; Kaerber, M.; Burgmer, R.; Nolting, B.; Legenbauer, T. et al. (2009). “Obesity and quality of life: A controlled study of normal-weight and obese individuals”. Psychosomatics, 50(5), 474-482.
- Diener, E. (2000). “Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index”. The American Psychologist, 55(1), 34-43.
- Diener, E. (2012). “New findings and future directions for subjective well-being research”. American psychologist, 67(8), 590-597.
- Diener, E. & Lucas, R. E. (2000). “Explaining differences in societal levels of happiness: Relative standards, need fulfillment, culture, and evaluation theory”. Journal of Happiness Studies, 1(1), 41-78.
- Diener, E.; Oishi, S. & Lucas, R. E. (2003). “Personality, culture, and subjective well-being: Emotional and cognitive evaluations of life”. Annual review of psychology, 54(1), 403-425.
- Fox, J.R.E. & Power, M.J. (2009). “Eating disorders and multi-level models of emotion: An integrated model”. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 16(4), 240-267.
- Israel, A.C. & Ivanova, M.Y. (2002). “Global and dimensional self-esteem in pre adolescent and early adolescent children who are overweight: Age and gender differences”. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 31(4), 424-429.
- John, O. P. & Gross, J. J. (2004). “Healthy and unhealthy emotion regulation: Personality processes, individual differences, and life span development”. Journal of Personality, 72(6),1301-1333.
- Keyes, C. L. M. (2002). “The mental health continuum: From languishing to flourishing in life”. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43(2), 207-222.
- Keyes, C. L. M. (2005). “Mental illness and/or mental health? Investigating axioms of the complete state model of health”. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(3), 539-548.
- Keyes, C. L. M. (2007). “Promoting and protecting mental health as flourishing: A complementary strategy for improving national mental health”. The American Psychologist, 62(2), 95-108.
- Keyes, C. L. M. & Magyar-Moe. Jeana.L. (2003). “The measurment and utility of adult subjective well-being” .p.411-425 in positive psychological assessment: Handbook of models and measures ,edited by S.J.Lopez and .R. Snyder. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
- Lupano Perugini, M. L.; de la Iglesia, G.; Castro Solano, A. & Keyes, C. L. (2017). “The Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF) in the Argentinean Context: Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Measurement Invariance”. Europe's Journal of Psychology, 13(1), 93-108.
- Luppino, F. S.; De Wit, L. M.; Bouvy, P. F.; Stijnen, T.; Cuijpers, P.; Penninx, B. W, & Zitman, F. G. (2010). “Overweight, obesity, and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies”. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(3), 220-229.
- Macht, M. (2008). “How emotions affect eating: A five-way model”. Appetite 50(1), 1-11.
- Magallares, A.; de Valle, P. B.; Irles, J. A.; Bolaños-Ríos, P. & Jauregui-Lobera, I. (2014). “Psychological well-being in a sample of obese patients compared with a control group”. Nutrición Hospitalaria, 30 (1), 32-36.
- Mann, T.; Tomiyama, A. J.; Westling, E.; Lew, A. M.; Samuels, B. & Chatman, J. (2007). “Medicare’s search for effective obesity treatments: Diets are not the answer”. The American Psychologist, 62(3), 220-233.
- McCullough, M. E. & Witvliet, C. V. O. (2002). “The psychology of forgiveness. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology”. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Morgan, C.M.; Yanovski, S.Z.; Nguyen, T.T.; McDuffie, J.; Sebring, N.G.; Jorge, M.R., et al. (2002). “Loss of control over eating, adiposity, and psychopathology in overweight children”. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 31(4), 430-441.
- Ogden, C. L.; Carroll, M. D.; Kit, B. K. & Flegal, K. M. (2014). “Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011–2012. JAMA, 311(8), 806-814.
- Padwal, R.; Li, S. K. & Lau, D. C. (2003). “Long-term pharmacotherapy for overweight and obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials”. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorderes, 27(12), 1437-1446.
- Pavot, W. & Diener, E. (2008). “The satisfaction with life scale and the emerging construct of life satisfaction”. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 3(2), 137-152.
- Picot, J.; Jones, J.; Colquitt, J. L.; Gospodarevskaya, E.; Loveman, E.; Baxter, L., & Clegg, A J. (2009). “The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of bariatric (weight loss) surgery for obesity: A systematic review and economic evaluation”. Health Technology Assessment, 13(41), 1-214.
- Quoidbach, J.; Berry, V. E.; Hansenne, M. & Mikolajczak, M. (2010). “Positive emotion regulation and well-being:Comparing the impact of eight savouring and dampening strategies”. Personality and Individual Differences, 49(5), 368-373.
- Rashid, T. (2008). “Positive Psychotherapy”. In S. J. Lopez (Ed.), Positive psychology: Exploring the best in people (Vol. 4, pp. 187-217.( Westport, CT: Praeger.
- Rashid, T. (2009). “Positive interventions in clinical practice”. Journal of Clinical Psychology: In Session, 65(5), 461-466.
- Rashid, T. (2015). “Positive Psychotherapy: A strength-based approach”. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 10(1), 25-40.
- Rivers, S. E.; Bracett, M. A.; Katulak, N. A. & Salovey, P. (2007). “Regulating anger and sadness: An exploration of discrete emotions in emotion regulation”. Journal of Happiness Studies, 8(3), 393-427.
- Robertson, S.; Davies, M. & Winefield, H. (2013). “What's good about losers? Positive psychological assets in obese Australians during weight loss attempts”. Obesity Research & Clinical Practice, 7(2), 55-56.
- Robertson, S. (2015). A positive psychological approach to weight loss and maintenance in obese Australian. Thesis submitted for PhD, faculty of health sciences, the University of Adelaide.
- Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. New York: Simon & Schuster.
- Seligman, M. E. P.; Rashid T. & Parks, A. C. (2006). “Positive psychotherapy”. American Psychologist, 61(8), 774-788.
- Schwartz, M. B. & Brownell, K. D. (2004). “Obesity and body image”. Body Image, 1(1), 43-56.
- Sutin, A. R.; Ferrucci, L.; Zonderman, A. B. & Terracciano, A. (2011). “Personality and obesity across the adult lifespan”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(3), 579-592.
- Swami, V.; Tran, U. S.; Stieger, S. & Voracek, M. (2015). “Associations between women’s body image and happiness: Results of the YouBeauty.com Body Image Survey (YBIS)”. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16(3), 705-718.
- Tomba, E.; Offidani, E.; Tecuta, L.; Schumann, R. & Ballardini, D. (2014). “Psychological well-being in outpatients with eating disorders”. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 47(3), 252-258.
- Thommasen, H. V.; Self, B.; Grigg, A.; Zhang, W. & Birmingham, C. L. (2005). “The relationship between self-rated health, stress, health care, overall quality of life and weight in a rural population”. Eating and Weight Disorders, 10(3), 66-69.
- Thompson, R. A. (1994). “Emotion regulation: A theme in search of definition”. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2-3), 25-52.
- Wnuk, S. M.; Greenberg, L. & Dolhanty, J. (2015). “Emotion-focused group therapy for women with symptoms of bulimia nervosa”. Eating Disorders, 23(3), 253-261.
- World Health Organization (2016). In Obesity and Overweight fact sheet. Available from: URL: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/.
- Xiang, X. & An, R. (2015). “Obesity and onset of depression among U.S. middle-aged and older adults”. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 78(3), 242-248.
)