In collaboration with Payame Noor University and Iranian Association of Social Psychology

Document Type : Research Paper

Author

Associate Professor in Psychology Payam Noor University

Abstract

Introduction: The Purpose of this research was to study the relationship between predicting of psychological well-being through defense mechanisms and cognitive self-differentiation in students. Method: The research method was correlation and participants of this research were 125 people of students selected via simple randomization. The research materials were :Skowron and Friddlander Self-differentiation Questionnair, Andrews , Sing and Bond Defense Styles Questionnaire and Ryff Psychological Well-being Questionnaire.. Results: Multiple regression analysis with stepwise method and Pearson correlation showed that cognitive self-differentiation %8/23 , mature defense mechanism %5/53 , immature defense mechanism %4/30 , neurotic defense mechanism %4/12 and the generally explained %22/18 of common variance (R²) of psychological well-being of students. Conclusion: The findings of this research indicated that cognitive self-differentiation, mature defense mechanism, immature defense mechanism and neurotic defense mechanism have basic role in psychological well-being of students.

Keywords

- افضلی، م. ح (1388). «بررسی سبک­ها و مکانیزمهای دفاعی افراد مبتلا به اختلال وسواس ـ بی­اختیاری، اختلال اضطراب تعمیم­­یافته و اختلال هراس اجتماعی». مجله روان شناسی بالینی، سال اول شماره8 ص 93-79.
- بیانی، ع. ا.؛ محمد کوچکی، ع. و بیانی، ع (1387). «روایی و پایایی مقیاس بهزیستی روان شناختی ریف». مجله روانپزشکی و روان شناسی بالینی، سال 14، شماره2، 151-146.
- جهانی فر، ب (1392). رابطه بین تمایزیافتگی من و هیجان­خواهی با نگرش مثبت به بزهکاری در دانش­آموزان متوسطه شهر لاهیجان. پایان نامه چاپ نشده کارشناسی ارشد روان­شناسی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تنکابن.
- دادستان، پ (1387). «سبک­های مکانیزم­های دفاعی در انواع شخصیت خود ـ دوست­دار. یک همبستگی بنیادی». فصلنامه روان­شناسان ایرانی. سال پنجم، شماره18، ص 109-99.
- شکری، ا.؛ تاجیک، ع. ا.؛ دانشجوپور، ز.؛ عنایتی، ز. و دستجردی، ر (1386). «بهزیستی روان­شناختی». مجله تازه­های علوم شناختی، سال5، شماره3، بهار1386.
- کچویی، م.؛ فتحی آشتیانی، ع. و الهیاری، ع. ع (1391). «رابطه ویژگی­های شخصیتی و سبک­های دفاعی با نشانه­های اختلال خوردن در دانشجویان». مجله دانش و پژوهش در روان­شناسی کاربردی. سال13، شماره2.
- کاظمیان، س. و دلاور، ع (1390). «بررسی رابطه بین تمایز­یافتگی با میزان تمایل به اعتیاد در مردان متأهل». فصلنامه نظم امنیت و نظامی. سال چهارم و دوره چهارم.
- محمودپور یزدی، ا. ر (1388). «مطالعه مورد ـ شاهدی سبک­های دفاعی و اضطراب حالت صفت در دانشجویان مبتلا به اختلال». مجله اصول بهداشت روانی، سال یازدهم شماره1 ص 14-7.
- Andrews, G.; singh, m. & Bond, M. (1993). "The Defense Style Questionnaire". Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorder. 18(1), 246-256.
- Blaya, C.; Domelles, M.; Kipper, L.; Heldt, L.; Bond, M. & Manfro, G. G. (2006). "Do Defense Mechanisms Vary According to the Psychiotric Disorder?" American Journal of Psychiatry. 28(3),179-183.
- Bond, M. & parry, J. C. (2004). "Long-term Changes in Defense Styles with Psychodymic Psychotherapy for Depressive, Anxiety, and Personality Disorders". American Journal of Psychiatry. 161,1665-1671.
- Cramer, P. (2002). "Defense Mechanisms in Psychology Toded". Journal of American Psychologists,55(6),637-646.
- Cramer, P. & Jones, J. c. (2007). "Defense Mechanisms Predict Differential Life Span Change in Self-control and Self-acceptual". Journal of Personality Research. 41(4),841-855.
- Davern, M. T. (2004). Subjective Well-being as an Affective Construct. Deakin Univercity.U.S.A.
- Dickinson, W. L. & Ashby, J. S. (2005). "Multidimensional Perfectionism and ego Defense". Journal of College, Student. Psychotherapy. 19(3). 41-54. - Diener, E. & Seligman, M. E. (2005). "Beyond Money. Toward an Economy of Well-being". Psychological Science in the Public Interest.5(1),1-31.
- Diener, E. (2006). Guidelines for National Indicators of Subjective Well-being and Well-being. Spring Science Business Media. The International Society for Quality of Life Studies.
- Heleman, V. T.; Kinsfogel, M. K. & Kalat, J. W. (2010). Cross-cultural Investigation of Emotion Differentiation and Relationship Quality .North Carolina State University.
- Heras, J. E. (2008). A Clinical Application of Bowen Family Systems Theory. www.thebowencenter.org
- Knauth, D. G.; Skowron, E. A. & Escobar, M. (2006). "Effect of Differntiation of Self on Adolescent Risk Behavior. Test of Theoretical Model". Journal of Nursing Research. 55(5). 336-345.
- Kwon, P. & Olson, M. L. (2007). "Ruminutional Depressive Symptoms. Moderation Role of Defense Style Immaturity. Personality and Individual Differences". Journal of Personality. 67(4), 645-658.
- Martini, P.; Roma, P. S.; Lingiardi, V. & Bond, M. (2004). "Italian Version of the Defense Style Questionnaire". Comprehensive Psychiotry, 45(6). 483-494.
- Neuenschwander, L. (2010). "Attachment and intimacy. Mediating Effects of Self-differentiation". Journal of Social Research. 7, 117-125.
- Offer, R.; Lavier, E.; Gothelf, D. & Apter, A. (2010). "Defense Mechanisms, Nagative Emotions and Psychology in Adolescent Inpotients". Journal of Comprehensive Psychiotry. 41(1), 35-41.
- Rogers, K. (2010). Evaluation of Guided Visualizations and the Relationships among Perceived Stress. Differentiation of Self, Sense of Coherence Dyadic Satisfaction and Quality of Life. Thesis of Master, Science in Marriage and family Therapy University of Nevada. Lasveges.
- Shapiro, M.; Skowron, E.; Chair, C.; Arnett, P.; Locke, B. & Pay, W. (2010). A Explanation of Neurophysiological and Cognitive Processes Associated with Differentiation of Self. Thesis (PH.D) Pennsylvania State University.
- Skowron, E. A. (2009). "Longitudinal Perspective on Differentiation of Selinterpersonal of Psychological Well-being in Young Adulthoodi". Journal of Counseling Psychology. 31(3),229-237.
- Skowron, E. A. & Dendy, A. K. (2004). "Differentiation of Self and Attachment in Adulthood: Relational Correlated of Effortful Control". Journal of Contemporary Family Therapy. 26(3):337-357.
- Valillant, G. E. (2000). "Ego Mechanisms of Defense and Personality Psychopathology". Journal of Abnormal Psychology. (77),55-63.
- Van, H. L.; Dekker, J.; Peen, J.; Abraham, R. E. & Schovers, R. (2009). "Predictive Value of Self-reported and Abserver Rated Defense Style in Depression Treatment". American Journal of Psychotherapy. 63(1),25-39.
- Vleivoras, G. & Bosma, A. H. (2005). "Are Identity Style Important for Psychological Well-being?" Journal of Adolescent. (28)397-409.
- Weinstein, N.; Brown, K. W. & Ryan, R. M. (2009). "A Multi-method Examination of the Effects of Mindfulness on Stress Attribution, Coping and Emotional Well-being". Journal of Research in Personality. 43,374-385.