Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
دانشجوی دکترا
Abstract
Aim: The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between mindfulness and mind reading ability and decision-making styles of rational, avoidant, dependent, and intuitive university students. Method: For this purpose, 182 students (71 males and 111 females) were selected from Bonab universities via multi-stage random sampling and completed the questionnaires of Scott and Bruce's Decision-Making Styles Inventory (1995), Kentucky’s Inventory of Mindfulness Skills (KIMS), and Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET). Results: According to the findings, there was positive relationship between mindfulness and mind reading ability and rational and intuitive decision-making styles. Besides, there was a significant negative relationship with dependent decision-making style. There was also significant negative relationship between mind reading ability and avoidant decision-making style. In addition, rational and dependent decision-making styles were predictable by both mindfulness and mind reading variables. But, avoidant and intuitive styles were only predicted by mind reading ability. Conclusion: According to the findings, it seems that people's decision making can be improved by mindfulness skill training and strengthening the ability of mind reading.
Keywords
- تابش، ف. و زارع، ح (1391). «تأثیر آموزش مهارت‌های هوش هیجانی بر سبک‌های تصمیمگیری عقلایی، شهودی، اجتنابی، وابسته و آنی». مجله علوم رفتاری. 6(4): 329-323.
- جوانمرد، غ.م. و محمدی قره قوزلو، ر (1393). «مطالعه روابط متقابل روانی- عصب‌شناختی Sc و جنبه‌های شناختی اجتماعی در یک گروه غیر بالینی». طرح پژوهشی انجام شده برای دانشگاه پیام نور.
- نجاتی، و.؛ ذبیح زاده، ع.؛ ملکی، ق.؛ و محسنی، م (1391). «اختلال شناخت اجتماعی در بیماران دچار افسردگی عمده: شواهدی از آزمون ذهن‌خوانی از طریق چشم». فصلنامه روانشناسی کاربردی، 6(4): 70-75.
- نجاتی، و.؛ ذبیح زاده، ع.؛ نیک فرجام، م.ر.؛ نادری، ز. و پورنقدعلی، ع (1391). «رابطه بین ذهن آگاهی و ذهن‌خوانی از روی تصویر چشم». مجله تحقیقات علوم پزشکی زاهدان، 14(1): 37-42.
- Adiandari, A. M. (2014). “Intuitive decision making: The intuition concept in decision making process”. International Journal of Business and Behavioral Sciences, 4(7), 1-11.
- Anderson, C. J. (2003). “The psychology of doing nothing: Forms of decision avoidance result from reason and emotion”. Psychological Bulletin, 129(1), 139-167.
- Appelt, K. C. & Milch, K. F; (2010). Much ado about very little (so far)? The role of individual differences in decision making. Retrieved July 10, 2015, from www.kirstinappelt.com.
- Baer, R. A.; Smith, G. T & Allen, K. B. (2004). “Assessment of mindfulness by self-report: The Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills”. Assessmen; 11(3): 191-206.
- Bahrami, F.; Amiri, M. & Parandvar, E. (2014). “Examining the relation of personality factors and decision making styles of Hakim Sabzevari University managers”. Arth Prabandh: A Journal of Economics and Management, 3(1), 46-65.
- Baron-Cohen, S. (1995). Mind blindedness: an essay on autism and theory of mind. Cambridge: MIT Press.
- Baron-Cohen, S.; Wheelwright, S.; Hill, J.; Raste, Y., & Plumb, I. (2001). “The Reading the Mind in the Eyes. Test revised version: a study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism”. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 42(2): 241-51.
- Birch, A. (1997). Developmental psychology: From infancy to adulthood. London: Macmillan press TD.
- Delazer, M.; Zamarian, L.; Bonatti, E.; Walser, N.; Kuchukhidze, G.; Bonder, T.; Benkem, T. & et al. (2011). “Decision making under ambiguity in temporal lobe epilepsy: Dose the location of the Underlying structural abnormality matter?” Epilepsy & Behavior; 20: 34-37.
- Deniz, M. E.; Arı, A.; Akdeniz, S. & Ozteke, H. I. (2015). “The prediction of decision self esteem and decision making styles by mindfulness”. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 7 (1), 45-50.
- Dimoka, A.; Pavlou, P. A. & Davis, F. D. (2007). Neuro-IS: The potential of cognitive neuroscience for information systems research. Information Systems Research.
- Drury, V. M.; Robinson, E. J. & Birchwood, M. (1998). “Theory of mind' skills during an acute episode of psychosis”. Psychological Medicine, 28, 1101-1112.
- Givens, J. (2002). Does theory of Mind Mediate Aggression and bullying in middle school Males and Females? A Dissertation degree of doctor of philosophy, University of Nebraska – Lincoln.
- Jenkins, J. & Astington, J. W. (1996). “Cognitive factors and family structure associated with theory of Mind development in young children”. Development Psychology, 32: 70 – 78.
- Johansen, S. L. (2014). Sensation seeking and impulsivity in relation to youth decision making about risk behavior: Mindfulness training to improve self-regulatory skills. Published PhD. Dissertation, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.
- Karelaia, N. (2014). How mindfulness improves decision-making. Forbes. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com /sites/insead/2014/08/05/how-mindfulne ss-improves-decision-making.
- Karelaia, N. & Reb, J. (2014). “Improving Decision Making through Mindfulness”. Mindfulness in Organizations, Reb, J., & Atkins, P. (Eds.), Cambridge University Press.
- Keune, P. M.; Bostanov, V.; Kotchoubey, B. & Hautzinger, M. (2012). “Mindfulness versus rumination and behavioral inhibition: A perspective from research on frontal brain asymmetry”. Personality and Individual Differences 53, 323–328.
- Khatri, N. & Ng, A. (2000). “The role of intuition in strategic decision making”. Human Relations, 53(1), 57–86.
- Kool, W. & Botvinick, M. (2012). “A labor/leisure tradeoff in cognitive control”. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. Advance online publication. DOI: 10.1037/a0031048
- Langer, E. J. & Moldoveanu, M. (2000). “The construct of mindfulness”. Journal of Social Issues, 56(1), 1-9.
- Lee, D. (2006). “Neural basis of quasi-rational decision making”. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 16, 1-8.
- Markic, O. (2009). “Rationality and emotions in decision making”. Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems, 7(2), 54-64.
- McMillan, C. T.; Clarl, R.; Gunawardena, D.; Ryant, N.n & Grossman, M. (2012). “FMRI evidence for strategic decision-making during resolution of pronoun reference. Neuropsychologia, (Article in press)”. doi: 10.1016 /j.neuropsychologia.01.004.
- Newell, B. R. & Shanks, D. R. (2014). “Unconscious influences on decision making: A critical review”. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 37(1), 1-61.
- Pandey, R. & Mandal, M. K. (1997). “Processing of facial expressions of emotion and alexithymia”. Br. J. Clin. Psychol. 36(4): 631–633.
- Premack. D. & Woodruff, G. (1987). “Does the chimpanzee have a theory of Mind?” The Behavioral and Brain sciences, 4: 515 – 526.
- Prevosta, M.; Carrierb, M-E.; Chownea, G.; Zelkowitzb, Ph.; Josephc, L. & Golda, I. (2013). “The Reading the Mind in the Eyes test: validation of a French version and exploration of cultural variations in a multi-ethnic city”. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 19(3): 189-204.
- Raglan, G. B. & Schulkin, J. (2014). “Decision making, mindfulness, and mood: How mindfulness techniques can reduce the impact of biases and heuristics through improved decision making and positive affect”. Journal of Depression and Anxiety, 4(1).
- Resulaj, A.; Kiani, R.; Wolpert, D. M. & Shadlen, M. N. (2009). “Changes of mind in decision-making”. Nature, 461(7261), 263-266.
- Ruedy, N. E. & Schweitzer, M. E. (2010). “In the moment: The effect of mindfulness on ethical decision making”. Journal of Business Ethics, 95(1), 73–87.
- Sanders, P. R. (2008). The decision making styles, ways of knowing, and learning strategy preferences of clients at a one-stop career center. Published PhD. Dissertation, Oklahoma State University.
- Schaufenbuel, K. (2014). “Bringing mindfulness to the workplace”. UNC Kenan-Flagler Business School, white paper. Retrieved from http://www.kenan-flagler.unc.edu/~/media /Files /documents/ executive-development/ unc-white-paper- bringing-mindfulness-to-the-workplace _final.pdf.
- Shapiro, S. L.; Jazaieri, H. & Goldin, P. R. (2012). “Mindfulness-based stress reduction effects on moral reasoning and decision making”. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 7(6), 504-515.
- Si, M.; Marsella, S. C. & Pynadath, D. V. (2010). “Modeling appraisal in theory of mind reasoning”. Journal of Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems, 20(1), 14-31.
- Singer, T. (2006). “The neuronal basis and ontogeny of empathy and mind reading: Review of literature and implications for future research”. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 30(3): 855-863.
- Tambe, A. & Krishnan, V. R. (2000). “Leadership in decision-making”. Indian Management; 39(5): 69-79.
- Thomson, R.; Lebiere, C.; Anderson, J. R. & Staszewski, J. (2015). A general instance-based learning framework for studying intuitive decision-making in a cognitive architecture. Retrieved from http://act-r.psy.cmu.edu/ wordpress/ wp-content/uploads/2015/09/.pdf.
- Wang, Y.; Wang, Y.G.; Chen, S.; Zhu, C. & Wang, K. (2008). “Theory of mind disability in major depression with or without psychotic symptoms: A componential view”. Psychiatry Research, 161(2), 153-161.
- Walter, H.; Abler, B.; Ciaramidaro, A. & Erk, S. (2005). “Motivating forces of human actions Neuroimaging reward and social interaction”. Brain Research Bulletin 67, 368–381.
- Weber, E. U. & Johnson, E. J. (2009). “Mindful judgment and decision making”. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 53–85.
)